FogComputer images sometimes seem unrealistically sharp and well defined. Antialiasing makes an object appear more realistic by smoothing its edges. Additionally, you can make an entire image appear more natural by adding fog, which makes objects fade into the distance. Fog is a general term that describes similar forms of atmospheric effects; it can be used to simulate haze, mist, smoke, or pollution. (See Plate 9.) Fog is essential in visual-simulation applications, where limited visibility needs to be approximated. It's often incorporated into flight-simulator displays. When fog is enabled, objects that are farther from the viewpoint begin to fade into the fog color. You can control the density of the fog, which determines the rate at which objects fade as the distance increases, as well as the fog's color. Fog is available in both RGBA and color-index modes, although the calculations are slightly different in the two modes. Since fog is applied after matrix transformations, lighting, and texturing are performed, it affects transformed, lit, and textured objects. Note that with large simulation programs, fog can improve performance, since you can choose not to draw objects that would be too fogged to be visible. All types of geometric primitives can be fogged, including points and lines. Using the fog effect on points and lines is also called depth-cuing (as shown in Plate 2) and is popular in molecular modeling and other applications. Using FogUsing fog is easy. You enable it by passing GL_FOG to glEnable(), and you choose the color and the equation that controls the density with glFog*(). If you want, you can supply a value for GL_FOG_HINT with glHint(), as described on Table 6-2. Example 6-6 draws five red spheres, each at a different distance from the viewpoint. Pressing the `f' key selects among the three different fog equations, which are described in the next section. Example 6-6 : Five Fogged Spheres in RGBA Mode: fog.c #include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
static GLint fogMode;
static void init(void)
{
GLfloat position[] = { 0.5, 0.5, 3.0, 0.0 };
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, position);
glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
{
GLfloat mat[3] = {0.1745, 0.01175, 0.01175};
glMaterialfv (GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT, mat);
mat[0] = 0.61424; mat[1] = 0.04136; mat[2] = 0.04136;
glMaterialfv (GL_FRONT, GL_DIFFUSE, mat);
mat[0] = 0.727811; mat[1] = 0.626959; mat[2] = 0.626959;
glMaterialfv (GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, mat);
glMaterialf (GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, 0.6*128.0);
}
glEnable(GL_FOG);
{
GLfloat fogColor[4] = {0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0};
fogMode = GL_EXP;
glFogi (GL_FOG_MODE, fogMode);
glFogfv (GL_FOG_COLOR, fogColor);
glFogf (GL_FOG_DENSITY, 0.35);
glHint (GL_FOG_HINT, GL_DONT_CARE);
glFogf (GL_FOG_START, 1.0);
glFogf (GL_FOG_END, 5.0);
}
glClearColor(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0); /* fog color */
}
static void renderSphere (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z)
{
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (x, y, z);
glutSolidSphere(0.4, 16, 16);
glPopMatrix();
}
/* display() draws 5 spheres at different z positions.
*/
void display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
renderSphere (-2., -0.5, -1.0);
renderSphere (-1., -0.5, -2.0);
renderSphere (0., -0.5, -3.0);
renderSphere (1., -0.5, -4.0);
renderSphere (2., -0.5, -5.0);
glFlush();
}
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho (-2.5, 2.5, -2.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w,
2.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -10.0, 10.0);
else
glOrtho (-2.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,
2.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -2.5, 2.5, -10.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity ();
}
void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key) {
case `f':
case `F':
if (fogMode == GL_EXP) {
fogMode = GL_EXP2;
printf ("Fog mode is GL_EXP2\n");
}
else if (fogMode == GL_EXP2) {
fogMode = GL_LINEAR;
printf ("Fog mode is GL_LINEAR\n");
}
else if (fogMode == GL_LINEAR) {
fogMode = GL_EXP;
printf ("Fog mode is GL_EXP\n");
}
glFogi (GL_FOG_MODE, fogMode);
glutPostRedisplay();
break;
case 27:
exit(0);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutInitWindowSize(500, 500);
glutCreateWindow(argv[0]);
init();
glutReshapeFunc (reshape);
glutKeyboardFunc (keyboard);
glutDisplayFunc (display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
Fog EquationsFog blends a fog color with an incoming fragment's color using a fog blending factor. This factor, f, is computed with one of these three equations and then clamped to the range [0,1]. In these three equations, z is the eye-coordinate distance between the viewpoint and the fragment center. The values for density, start, and end are all specified with glFog*(). The f factor is used differently, depending on whether you're in RGBA mode or color-index mode, as explained in the next subsections. void glFog{if}(GLenum pname, TYPE
param); Sets the parameters and function for calculating fog. If pname is GL_FOG_MODE, then param is either GL_EXP (the default), GL_EXP2, or GL_LINEAR to select one of the three fog factors. If pname is GL_FOG_DENSITY, GL_FOG_START, or GL_FOG_END, then param is (or points to, with the vector version of the command) a value for density, start, or end in the equations. (The default values are 1, 0, and 1, respectively.) In RGBA mode, pname can be GL_FOG_COLOR, in which case params points to four values that specify the fog's RGBA color values. The corresponding value for pname in color-index mode is GL_FOG_INDEX, for which param is a single value specifying the fog's color index. Figure 6-4 plots the fog-density equations for various values of the parameters. Figure 6-4 : Fog-Density Equations Fog in RGBA ModeIn RGBA mode, the fog factor f is used as follows to calculate the final fogged color: C = f Ci + (1 - f ) Cf where Ci represents the incoming fragment's RGBA values and Cf the fog-color values assigned with GL_FOG_COLOR. Fog in Color-Index ModeIn color-index mode, the final fogged color index is computed as follows: I = Ii + (1 - f ) If where Ii is the incoming fragment's color index and If is the fog's color index as specified with GL_FOG_INDEX. To use fog in color-index mode, you have to load appropriate values in a color ramp. The first color in the ramp is the color of the object without fog, and the last color in the ramp is the color of the completely fogged object. You probably want to use glClearIndex() to initialize the background color index so that it corresponds to the last color in the ramp; this way, totally fogged objects blend into the background. Similarly, before objects are drawn, you should call glIndex*() and pass in the index of the first color in the ramp (the unfogged color). Finally, to apply fog to different colored objects in the scene, you need to create several color ramps and call glIndex*() before each object is drawn to set the current color index to the start of each color ramp. Example 6-7 illustrates how to initialize appropriate conditions and then apply fog in color-index mode. Example 6-7 : Fog in Color-Index Mode: fogindex.c #include <GL/gl.h>
#include <GL/glu.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* Initialize color map and fog. Set screen clear color * to end of color ramp. */
#define NUMCOLORS 32
#define RAMPSTART 16
static void init(void)
{
int i;
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
for (i = 0; i < NUMCOLORS; i++) {
GLfloat shade;
shade = (GLfloat) (NUMCOLORS-i)/(GLfloat) NUMCOLORS;
glutSetColor (RAMPSTART + i, shade, shade, shade);
}
glEnable(GL_FOG);
glFogi (GL_FOG_MODE, GL_LINEAR);
glFogi (GL_FOG_INDEX, NUMCOLORS);
glFogf (GL_FOG_START, 1.0);
glFogf (GL_FOG_END, 6.0);
glHint (GL_FOG_HINT, GL_NICEST);
glClearIndex((GLfloat) (NUMCOLORS+RAMPSTART-1));
}
static void renderSphere (GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z)
{
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef (x, y, z);
glutWireSphere(0.4, 16, 16);
glPopMatrix();
}
/* display() draws 5 spheres at different z positions. */
void display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glIndexi (RAMPSTART);
renderSphere (-2., -0.5, -1.0);
renderSphere (-1., -0.5, -2.0);
renderSphere (0., -0.5, -3.0);
renderSphere (1., -0.5, -4.0);
renderSphere (2., -0.5, -5.0);
glFlush();
}
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho (-2.5, 2.5, -2.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w,
2.5*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -10.0, 10.0);
else
glOrtho (-2.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,
2.5*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, -2.5, 2.5, -10.0, 10.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity ();
}
void keyboard(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key) {
case 27:
exit(0);
}
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_INDEX | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutInitWindowSize(500, 500);
glutCreateWindow(argv[0]);
init();
glutReshapeFunc (reshape);
glutKeyboardFunc (keyboard);
glutDisplayFunc (display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0; } |
Програмирование с использованием OpenGL